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Normal type (in German: ''Normaltyp'') is a typological term in sociology coined by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936). It can be considered both as a forerunner of, and a challenge to, the rather better known concept of Max Weber’s: the ideal type (in German ''Idealtyp'').〔C. Schlüter/L. Clausen eds., ''Renaissance der Gemeinschaft?'' (1990) p. 135〕 ==Tönnies’ distinctions== Tönnies drew a sharp line between the realm of conceptualization (of sociological terms, including ‘normal types’) and the realm of reality (of social action). The first must be treated axiomatically and in a deductive way (pure sociology); the second, empirically and in an inductive way (applied sociology). Following Tönnies, reality (the second realm) cannot be explained without concepts, which belong to the first realm, or else you will fail because you try to define x by something derived from x. Tönnies’ ''Normaltyp'' was thus a conceptual tool created on a logical basis,〔P. Muljadi ed. ''Community'' (nd) p. 11〕 an almost mathematical concept always open to subsequent refinement from a confrontation with the empirical evidence.〔W.J. Cahnman et al. ''Weber and Toennies'' (1943) pp. 69, 128〕 The contrast with Weber’s ‘ideal type’ came from the latter’s ‘accentuation’ of certain elements of a real social process, which is under sociological (or historical) scrutiny - “the one-sided accentuation of one or more points of view ... of a great many diffuse, discrete, more or less present and occasionally absent ''concrete individual'' phenomena”, as Weber himself put it.〔Quoted in Alfred Schutz, ''The Phenomenology of the Social World'' (1997) p. 243〕 From Tönnies’ point of view, an ideal type cannot ''explain'' reality, because it is derived from reality by accentuation, but might help to ''understand'' reality. The normal type moved from abstract to concrete; the ideal type from concrete to abstract. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Normal type」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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